- Fuerzas Armadas de Bielorrusia
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Fuerzas Armadas de la República de Bielorrusia
Узброеныя сілы Рэспублікі Беларусь (УС РБ)
Bandera de las Fuerzas Armadas de BielorrusiaCuerpos Ejército de Tierra
Fuerzas Aéreas
Tropas InternasMandos Comandante jefe Presidente Alexandr Lukashenko Ministro de Defensa Yurij Zhadobin Edad militar 18 años Personal activo 79.800 Personal de reserva 289.500 Gastos % PIB 1'4% Las Fuerzas Armadas de Bielorrusia (bielorruso: Узброеныя сілы Рэспублікі Беларусь - УС РБ, Uzbrojenyja sily Respubliki Bielaruś, ruso: Boopyжённыe cилы Pecпyблики Бeлapycь, Vooruzhennye sily Respubliki Belarus) están formadas por el Ejército de Tierra y las Fuerzas Aéreas, todas ellas bajo control del Ministerio de Defensa de la República de Bielorrusia. El teniente general Yurij Viktorovich Zhadobin es el ministro de Defensa bielorruso desde el 4 de diciembre de 2009.[1] Al ser un país sin salida al mar, Bielorrusia carece de fuerza naval.
La antigua República Nacional Bielorrusa (1918-1919) no tuvo tiempo para constituir unas fuerzas armadas debido a su efímera existencia, pero aun así hay documentos que atestiguaban la intención de crear un cuerpo militar.[2]
El Ministerio de Defensa de la República de Bielorrusia (ruso: Министерство обороны Республики Беларусь, bielorruso: Мiнiстэрства абароны Рэспублікі Беларусь) ies la organización gubernamental que carga con la responsabilidad de comandar y dirigir las Fuerzas Armadas de Bielorrusia. La constitución de este ministerio tuvo lugar en 1992, un año después del final de la Unión Soviética.
Contenido
Historia
El 20 de septiembre de 1991, el Soviet Supremo de Bielorrusia fijó la resolución de "Hacia la formación de las Fuerzas Armadas de la República de Bielorrusia", y el 11 de enero de 1992 la resolución "Desplegar a las Fuerzas Armadas en el territorio de la República de Bielorrusia". El 18 de marzo del mismo año, la Duma de Minsk aprobó la primera de las dos resoluciones anteriores, tras lo que encargaron al Gobierno a "comenzar la formación de las Fuerzas Armadas bielorrusas" .
El 3 de noviembre de 1992 se podían dar por constituidas las Fuerzas Armadas de la República de Bielorrusia.
Estructura
Emblema del Ministerio de Defensa bielorruso.
Hasta 1992, el Distrito Militar Bielorruso de la URSS comprendía el V Ejército de Tanquistas, la VII Brigada de Tanques, el XXVIII Ejército Rojo, la CXX División de Motoristas, la LI Brigada Aerotransportable, el LXXII Centro de Entrenamiento de Guardias y unidades logísticas del Ejército Rojo.
En mayo de 1992 el Distrito Militar Bielorruso fue abolido, para el 1 de enero de 1993 todo el personal del Ejército Rojo pasar a jurar lealtad a Bielorrusia o retirarse de la vida castrense. Esto explica que casi el 90% de la cúpula militar bielorrusa sea étnicamente de Rusia, así como las buenas relaciones entre ambas fuerzas armadas.
El número actual de personal en las Fuerzas Armadas es de 72.940 (IISS 2007), aunque se está planeando reducirlos a 60.000. Los jóvenes bielorrusos deben efectuar el servicio militar durante 12 meses (si cursan estudios superiores) o durante 18 meses (si no los cursan):[3]
Fuerzas terrestres
La biblioteca del Congreso de Estados Unidos afirmaba en 1994 que Bielorrusia contaba con 52.500 efectivos en el Ejército de Tierra.[4] Estaban organizados en tres cuarteles generales, dos divisiones motorizadas, una división de paracaidistas, una división de artillería, tres divisiones mecanizadas, una brigada de paracaidistas, tres brigadas de misiles tierra-tierra, dos brigadas antitanques, una brigada de fuerzas especiales, y siete brigadas de misiles tierra-aire. Incluyendo, además, 3.108 tanques de batalla (79 T-54, 639 T-55, 291 T-62, 299 T-64, 8 T80 y 1.800 T-72), 419 lanzamisiles de medio alcance, 60 misiles tierra-tierra, and 350 misiles tierra-aire.
Fuerzas Aéreas
In 2007 the AF & ADF consisted of 18,170 personnel (two fighter/interceptor bases, four FGA/reconnaissance squadrons, one transport air base, training aircraft, and attack and support helicopters, SAM units). Air Force equipment included in 2004 260 FGA/training aircraft and 80 attack helicopters.
Internal Troops
The Internal Troops were formed from the former Soviet Internal Troops after the collapse of the Soviet Union. They consist of three independent brigades and seven independent battalions (consecutively numbered). Among the Internal Troops formations is the 3rd Red Banner separate special purpose Brigade (V/Ch 3214, located in Minsk, in the district Uruchcha, "Uruchenskaya Brigade"). This brigade performs the task of crowd control, combating terrorism, to assist border guards in case of complications of operative conditions on border. In addition, the brigade has been training for combined arms program in the event of armed conflict. It was formed in the 1990s on the base of the 334th Regiment of the 120th 'Rogachev' Guards Motor Rifle Division.
On 21 December 2001, a major reorganisation of the Ground Forces produced two operational-territorial commands, formed from two former corps headquarters.[5] All Belarus ground forces are now grouped within these two commands, the Western Operational Command at Grodno, former from the previous 28th Army Corps, the former Soviet 28th Army, and the North Western Operational Command, the former 65th Army Corps, at Borisov.
In 1995 the Military Academy of Belarus was set up on the basis of two military educational institutions - the Minsk Air Defense and Rocket School of the Air Defence Forces and the Minsk Higher Military Command School. Its 10 departments train officers of 38 specialties for practically all arms of service. Also in 1995 it was given the status of a government institution of secondary special military education for young men.
Since about 2001, territorial defence forces, which as of 2002 number around 150,000, have been forming, organized into battalions, companies, and platoons spread across Belarus.[5]
Current structure
- Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Belarus
- Central Command Support Elements
- General Staff of the Armed Forces
- Land Forces
- Western Operational Command
- North-Western Operational Command
- Air and Air Defense Forces
- Western Operational-Tactical Command
- North-Western Operational-Tactical Command
- Combat Support Elements of the Armed Forces
- Reconnaissance
- Electronic Warfare
- Signals
- Engineers
- NBC Defence
- Navigation and Topography
- Maintenance
- Logistic Elements of the Armed Forces
- Material Support
- Logistic Support
- Medical Support
- Veterinarian Support
- Military Construction
- Land Forces
Military doctrine
The military goals of the armed forces of Belarus are to defend the interests of the Belarusian state. This however is at times ambiguous, and is made even more complex with the various agreements that have been recently signed with Russia. Membership in the Commonwealth of Independent States, as well as the 1996 treaty on the Union of Russia and Belarus and the Treaty of the Formation of a Union State in 1999, has confirmed a close partnership with Russia. Much of the air defense system is integrated into the Russian defense network, and in 2006 the two nations signed an agreement on the creation of a unified air defense system.[7]
Equipment
T-72B being transportedThe military forces of Belarus are exclusively armed with Soviet-era equipment inherited from the Soviet Union. Although large in numbers some Western experts consider some of it outdated. The MBTs are of Russian type T-72, T-62, and T-55, and AFVs are of Russian type MT-LB, BMP-2, BMP-1, and the BMD-1, and Russian type trucks are the GAZ-66 and the KAMAZ-6560. The Air Force is equipped with MiG-29, Su-27 fighters, Su-24, Su-25 bombers, as well as Mi-8, Mi-24, and the Polish built Mi-2 attack helicopters. In December 2005 Belarus bought 10 L-39 jet trainer aircraft from Ucrania, and plans were announced to buy 18 used Su-30K fighters. In 2006 four batteries (divizions in Russian terminology; about 6 systems each) of S-300 anti-aircraft systems were acquired from Russia to reinforce the Joint CIS Air Defense System.
Light equipment
- Makarov PM Pistol
- AK-74 Assault Rifle
- AKM Assault Rifle
- RPD Light Machine Gun
- RPK Light Machine Gun
- PK General Purpose Machine Gun
- NSV Heavy Machine Gun
- DShK Heavy Machine Gun
- Dragunov SVD Sniper Rifle
- RPG-7 Anti-Tank Rocket Launcher
- AGS-17 Automatic Grenade Launcher
- SPG-9 Recoilless Rifle
Armored Ground Vehicles
MBTs
AFVs
Artillery
- BM-21 Grad Multiple rocket launcher, partially upgraded to BM-21A "Belgrad"
- D-30 122 mm towed howitzer
- D-20 152 mm towed howitzer
- 2A36 152 mm towed howitzer
- 2A65 152 mm self-propelled howitzer (140)
- 2S1 122 mm self-propelled howitzer (246)
- 2S3 152 mm self-propelled howitzer (168)
- 2S5 152 mm self-propelled howitzer (120)
- 2S9 120 mm self-propelled howitzer (54)
- 2S19 152 mm self-propelled howitzer (13)
- OTR-21 Tochka Tactical ballistic missile (SS-21 Scarab) (one brigade)
Air Defense
- 9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko) (24 batteries) (350 SA-8, SA-11, SA-12 and SA-13)
- 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher)
- 9K37 Buk (SA-11 Gadfly) (12 batteries)
- S-300PS (SA-10 Grumble)
- S-300V (SA-12 Giant/Gladiator)
Referencias
- ↑ http://www.mod.mil.by/gadobin.html
- ↑ Selected Bibliography of works on the struggle for Belarusian Independence 1900-1921 in the Francis Skaryna Belarusian Library in London
- ↑ Routledge, IISS Military Balance 2007, p.158-159
- ↑ Library of Congress Country Studies, Ground Forces, in A Country Study: Belarus, June 1995
- ↑ a b Main, 2003
- ↑ http://www.mod.mil.by/struct1vseng.html
- ↑ Russia, Belarus to sign agreement on joint air defense system, GlobalSecurity.org, 2006
Categorías:- Wikipedia:Traducciones en desarrollo en inglés
- Fuerzas armadas de Bielorrusia
- Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Belarus
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