National Medal of Science

La National Medal of Science es un premio otorgado por el Presidente de los Estados Unidos a personas que han hecho importantes contribuciones en el avance de la ciencia o la ingeniería. Los premios se entregan en seis campos, ciencias sociales y de la conducta, biología, química, ingeniería, matemáticas y ciencias físicas. El Comité del National Medal of Science está bajo la National Science Foundation (NSF) que es responsable de recomendar los candidatos al presidente.

Ciencias sociales y de la conducta

• 1964 Roger Adams, Othmar H. Ammann, Theodosius Dobzhansky, Charles S. Draper, Solomon Lefschetz, Neal Elgar Miller, H. Marston Morse, Marshall W. Nirenberg
• 1986 Herbert A. Simon
• 1987 Anne Anastasi, George J. Stigler
• 1988 Milton Friedman
• 1989 Roger W. Sperry
• 1990 Leonid Hurwicz, Patrick Suppes
• 1991 Robert W. Kates, George A. Miller
• 1992 Eleanor J. Gibson
• 1994 Robert K. Merton
• 1995 Roger N. Shepard
• 1996 Paul A. Samuelson
• 1997 William K. Estes
• 1998 William Julius Wilson
• 1999 Robert M. Solow
• 2000 Gary S. Becker
• 2001 George F. Bass
• 2003 R. Duncan Luce
• 2004 Kenneth J. Arrow
• 2005 Gordon H. Bower

Ciencias biológicas

• 1963 Cornelius Van Niel
• 1965 Francis P. Rous, George G. Simpson, Donald D. Van Slyke
• 1966 Edward F. Knipling, Fritz Albert Lipmann, William C. Rose, Sewall Wright
• 1967 Kenneth S. Cole, Harry F. Harlow, Michael Heidelberger, Alfred H. Sturtevant
• 1968 H. A. Barker, Bernard B. Brodie, Detlev W. Bronk, Jay Lush, Burrhus Frederic Skinner
• 1969 Robert J. Huebner, Ernst Mayr
• 1970 Barbara McClintock, Albert B. Sabin
• 1973 Daniel I. Arnon, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
• 1974 Britton Chance, Erwin Chargaff, James Van Gundia Neel, James Augustine Shannon
• 1975 Hallowell Davis, Paul Gyorgy, Sterling Brown Hendricks, Orville Alvin Vogel
• 1976 Roger C.L. Guillemin, Keith Roberts Porter, Efraim Racker, E. O. Wilson
• 1979 Robert H. Burris, Elizabeth C. Crosby, Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa, Earl Reece Stadtman, George Ledyard Stebbins, Paul A. Weiss
• 1981 Philip Handler
• 1982 Seymour Benzer, Glenn W. Burton, Mildred Cohn
• 1983 Howard L. Bachrach, Paul Berg, Wendell L. Roelofs, Berta Scharrer
• 1986 Stanley Cohen, Donald A. Henderson, Vernon B. Mountcastle, George Emil Palade, Joan A. Steitz
• 1987 Michael E. Debakey, Theodor O. Diener, Harry Eagle, Har Gobind Khorana, Rita Levi-Montalcini
• 1988 Michael S. Brown, Stanley N. Cohen, Joseph L. Goldstein, Maurice R. Hilleman, Eric R. Kandel, Rosalyn S. Yalow
• 1989 Katherine Esau, Viktor Hamburger, Philip Leder, Joshua Lederberg, Harland G. Wood
• 1990 Baruj Benacerraf, Herbert W. Boyer, Daniel E. Koshland, Jr., Edward B. Lewis, David G. Nathan, E. Donnall Thomas
• 1991 Mary Ellen Avery, G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Elvin A. Kabat, Salvador E. Luria, Paul A. Marks, Folke K Skoog, Paul C. Zamecnik
• 1992 Maxine Singer, Howard M. Temin
• 1993 Daniel Nathans, Salome G. Waelsch
• 1994 Thomas Eisner, Elizabeth F. Neufeld
• 1995 Alexander Rich
• 1996 Ruth Patrick
• 1997 James D. Watson, Robert A. Weinberg
• 1998 Bruce Ames, Janet Rowley
• 1999 David Baltimore, Jared Diamond, Lynn Margulis
• 2000 Nancy C. Andreasen, Peter H. Raven, Carl Woese
• 2001 Francisco J. Ayala, Mario R. Capecchi, Ann M. Graybiel, Gene E. Likens, Victor A. McKusick, Harold Varmus
• 2002 James E. Darnell, Evelyn M. Witkin
• 2003 J. Michael Bishop, Solomon H. Snyder, Charles Yanofsky
• 2004 Norman E. Borlaug, Phillip A. Sharp, Thomas E. Starzl
• 2005 Anthony Fauci, Torsten N. Wiesel
• 2006 Rita R. Colwell, Nina Fedoroff, Lubert Stryer

Química

• 1982 F. Albert Cotton, Gilbert Stork
• 1983 Roald Hoffmann, George C. Pimentel, Richard N. Zare
• 1986 Harry Gray, Yuan Tseh Lee, Carl S. Marvel, Frank H. Westheimer
• 1987 William S. Johnson, Walter H. Stockmayer, Max Tishler
• 1988 William O. Baker, Konrad E. Bloch, Elias J. Corey
• 1989 Richard B. Bernstein, Melvin Calvin, Rudoph A. Marcus, Harden M. McConnell
• 1990 Elkan Blout, Karl Folkers, John D. Roberts
• 1991 Ronald Breslow, Gertrude B. Elion, Dudley R. Herschbach, Glenn T. Seaborg
• 1992 Howard E. Simmons, Jr.
• 1993 Donald J. Cram, Norman Hackerman
• 1994 George S. Hammond
• 1995 Thomas Cech, Isabella L. Karle
• 1996 Norman Davidson
• 1997 Darleane C. Hoffman, Harold S. Johnston
• 1998 John W. Cahn, George M. Whitesides
• 1999 Stuart A. Rice, John Ross, Susan Solomon
• 2000 John D. Baldeschwieler, Ralph F. Hirschmann
• 2001 Ernest R. Davidson, Gabor A. Somorjai
• 2002 John I. Brauman
• 2004 Stephen J. Lippard
• 2006 Marvin H. Caruthers, Peter B. Dervan, Robert S. Langer

Ciencias de la ingeniería

• 1962 Theodore von Kármán
• 1963 Vannevar Bush, John Robinson Pierce
• 1965 Hugh L. Dryden, Clarence L. Johnson, Warren K. Lewis
• 1966 Claude E. Shannon
• 1967 Edwin H. Land, Igor I. Sikorsky
• 1968 J. Presper Eckert, Nathan M. Newmark
• 1969 Jack St. Clair Kilby
• 1970 George E. Mueller
• 1973 Harold E. Edgerton, Richard T. Whitcomb
• 1974 Rudolf Kompfner, Ralph Brazelton Peck, Abel Wolman
• 1975 Manson Benedict, William Hayward Pickering, Frederick E. Terman, Wernher Von Braun
• 1976 Morris Cohen, Peter C. Goldmark, Erwin Wilhelm Müller
• 1979 Emmett N. Leith, Raymond D. Mindlin, Robert N. Noyce, Earl R. Parker, Simon Ramo
• 1982 Edward H. Heinemann, Donald L. Katz
• 1983 William R. Hewlett, George M. Low, John G. Trump
• 1986 Hans Wolfgang Liepmann, T. Y. Lin, Bernard M. Oliver
• 1987 Robert B. Bird, H. Bolton Seed, Ernst Weber
• 1988 Daniel C. Drucker, Willis M. Hawkins, George W. Housner
• 1989 Harry George Drickamer, Herbert E. Grier
• 1990 Mildred S. Dresselhaus, Nick Holonyak Jr.
• 1991 George Heilmeier, Luna B. Leopold, H. Guyford Stever
• 1992 Calvin F. Quate, John Roy Whinnery
• 1993 Alfred Y. Cho
• 1994 Ray W. Clough
• 1995 Hermann A. Haus
• 1996 James L. Flanagan, C. Kumar N. Patel
• 1998 Eli Ruckenstein
• 1999 Kenneth N. Stevens
• 2000 Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
• 2001 Andreas Acrivos
• 2002 Leo Beranek
• 2003 John M. Prausnitz
• 2004 Edwin N. Lightfoot
• 2005 Jan D. Achenbach, Tobin J. Marks

Ciencias de la computación y matemáticas

• 1963 Norbert Wiener
• 1965 Oscar Zariski
• 1966 John Milnor
• 1967 Paul Cohen
• 1968 Jerzy Neyman
• 1969 William Feller
• 1970 Richard Brauer
• 1973 John Tukey
• 1974 Kurt Gödel
• 1975 John W. Backus, Shiing-Shen Chern, George B. Dantzig
• 1976 Kurt Otto Friedrichs, Hassler Whitney
• 1979 Joseph L. Doob, Donald E. Knuth
• 1982 Marshall Harvey Stone
• 1983 Herman Goldstine, Isadore Singer
• 1986 Peter Lax, Antoni Zygmund
• 1987 Raoul Bott, Michael Freedman
• 1988 Ralph E. Gomory, Joseph B. Keller
• 1989 Samuel Karlin, Saunders MacLane, Donald C. Spencer
• 1990 George F. Carrier, Stephen Cole Kleene, John McCarthy
• 1991 Alberto Calderón
• 1992 Allen Newell
• 1993 Martin Kruskal
• 1994 John Cocke
• 1995 Louis Nirenberg
• 1996 Richard M. Karp, Stephen Smale
• 1997 Shing-Tung Yau
• 1998 Cathleen Synge Morawetz
• 1999 Felix Browder, Ronald R. Coifman
• 2000 John Griggs Thompson, Karen K. Uhlenbeck
• 2001 Calyampudi R. Rao, Elias M. Stein
• 2002 James G. Glimm
• 2003 Carl R. de Boor
• 2004 Dennis P. Sullivan
• 2005 Bradley Efron
• 2006 Hyman Bass

Ciencias físicas

• 1963 Luis W. Alvarez
• 1964 Julian Schwinger, Harold Clayton Urey, Robert Burns Woodward
• 1965 John Bardeen, Peter Debye, Leon M. Lederman, William Rubey
• 1966 Jacob Bjerknes, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Henry Eyring, John H. Van Vleck, Vladimir K. Zworykin
• 1967 Jesse Beams, Francis Birch, Gregory Breit, Louis Hammett, George Kistiakowsky
• 1968 Paul Bartlett, Herbert Friedman, Lars Onsager, Eugene Wigner
• 1969 Herbert C. Brown, Wolfgang Panofsky
• 1970 Robert H. Dicke, Allan R. Sandage, John C. Slater, John A. Wheeler, Saul Winstein
• 1973 Carl Djerassi, Maurice Ewing, Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, Vladimir Haensel, Frederick Seitz, Robert Rathbun Wilson
• 1974 Nicolaas Bloembergen, Paul Flory, William Alfred Fowler, Linus Carl Pauling, Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
• 1975 Hans A. Bethe, Joseph Hirschfelder, Lewis Sarett, E. Bright Wilson, Chien-Shiung Wu
• 1976 Samuel Goudsmit, Herbert S. Gutowsky, Frederick Rossini, Verner Suomi, Henry Taube, George Uhlenbeck
• 1979 Richard P. Feynman, Herman Mark, Edward M. Purcell, John Sinfelt, Lyman Spitzer, Victor F. Weisskopf
• 1982 Philip W. Anderson, Yoichiro Nambu, Edward Teller, Charles H. Townes
• 1983 E. Margaret Burbidge, Maurice Goldhaber, Helmut Landsberg, Walter Munk, Frederick Reines, Bruno B. Rossi, J. Robert Schrieffer
• 1986 Solomon Buchsbaum, Horace Crane, Herman Feshbach, Robert Hofstadter, Chen Ning Yang
• 1987 Philip Abelson, Walter Elsasser, Paul C. Lauterbur, George Pake, James A. Van Allen
• 1988 D. Allan Bromley, Paul (Ching-Wu) Chu, Walter Kohn, Norman F. Ramsey, Jack Steinberger
• 1989 Arnold O. Beckman, Eugene Parker, Robert Sharp, Henry Stommel
• 1990 Allan M. Cormack, Edwin M. McMillan, Robert Pound, Roger Revelle
• 1991 Arthur L. Schawlow, Ed Stone, Steven Weinberg
• 1992 Eugene M. Shoemaker
• 1993 Val Fitch, Vera Rubin
• 1994 Albert Overhauser, Frank Press
• 1995 Hans Dehmelt, Peter Goldreich
• 1996 Wallace S. Broecker
• 1997 Marshall Rosenbluth, Martin Schwarzschild, George Wetherill
• 1998 Don L. Anderson, John N. Bahcall
• 1999 James Cronin, Leo Kadanoff
• 2000 Willis E. Lamb, Jeremiah P. Ostriker, Gilbert F. White
• 2001 Marvin L. Cohen, Raymond Davis Jr., Charles Keeling
• 2002 Richard Garwin, W. Jason Morgan, Edward Witten
• 2003 G. Brent Dalrymple, Riccardo Giacconi
• 2004 Robert N. Clayton
• 2005 Ralph A. Alpher, Lonnie Thompson
• 2006 Daniel Kleppner